Cool Reference

Object that can be treated as both a string and number

What it is #

Position in the hierarchy #

Routines #

Signatures are reproduced from the documentation, including their declared return types. A routine listed here is part of the type's published interface; whether Raku++ implements it is a separate question, answered by the examples below.

routine abs #

sub abs(Numeric() $x)
method abs()

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the argument) to Numeric and returns the absolute value (that is, a non-negative number).

method conj #

method conj()

Coerces the invocant to Numeric and returns the Complex conjugate (that is, the number with the sign of the imaginary part negated).

method EVAL #

method EVAL(*%_)

It calls the subroutine form with the invocant as the first argument, $code, passing along named args, if any.

routine sqrt #

sub sqrt(Numeric(Cool) $x)
method sqrt()

Coerces the invocant to Numeric (or in the sub form, the argument) and returns the square root, that is, a number that, when multiplied with itself, produces the original number. Returns NaN for negative arguments. As of 6.e language version (early implementation exists in Rakudo compiler 2023.02+), will return a Complex value for negative arguments.

method sign #

method sign()

Coerces the invocant to Real and returns its sign, that is, 0 if the number is 0, 1 for positive and -1 for negative values.

method rand #

method rand()

Coerces the invocant to Num and returns a pseudo-random value between zero and the number.

routine sin #

sub sin(Numeric(Cool))
method sin()

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its sine. Note that Raku is no computer algebra system, so sin(pi) typically does not produce an exact 0, but rather a very small Num.

routine asin #

sub asin(Numeric(Cool))
method asin()

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-sine in radians.

routine cos #

sub cos(Numeric(Cool))
method cos()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its cosine.

routine acos #

sub acos(Numeric(Cool))
method acos()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-cosine in radians.

routine tan #

sub tan(Numeric(Cool))
method tan()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its tangent.

routine atan #

sub atan(Numeric(Cool))
method atan()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-tangent in radians.

routine atan2 #

sub atan2($y, $x = 1e0)
method atan2($x = 1e0)

The sub should usually be written with two arguments for clarity as it is seen in other languages and in mathematical texts, but the single-argument form is available; its result will always match that of atan. The method coerces self and its single argument to Numeric, using them to compute the two-argument arc-tangent in radians.

routine sec #

sub sec(Numeric(Cool))
method sec()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its secant, that is, the reciprocal of its cosine.

routine asec #

sub asec(Numeric(Cool))
method asec()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-secant in radians.

routine cosec #

sub cosec(Numeric(Cool))
method cosec()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its cosecant, that is, the reciprocal of its sine.

routine acosec #

sub acosec(Numeric(Cool))
method acosec()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-cosecant in radians.

routine cotan #

sub cotan(Numeric(Cool))
method cotan()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians, returns its cotangent, that is, the reciprocal of its tangent.

routine acotan #

sub acotan(Numeric(Cool))
method acotan()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its arc-cotangent in radians.

routine sinh #

sub sinh(Numeric(Cool))
method sinh()

Coerces the invocant (or in method form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Sine hyperbolicus.

routine asinh #

sub asinh(Numeric(Cool))
method asinh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse Sine hyperbolicus.

routine cosh #

sub cosh(Numeric(Cool))
method cosh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Cosine hyperbolicus.

routine acosh #

sub acosh(Numeric(Cool))
method acosh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse Cosine hyperbolicus.

routine tanh #

sub tanh(Numeric(Cool))
method tanh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, interprets it as radians and returns its Tangent hyperbolicus.

routine atanh #

sub atanh(Numeric(Cool))
method atanh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse tangent hyperbolicus.

routine sech #

sub sech(Numeric(Cool))
method sech()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Secant hyperbolicus.

routine asech #

sub asech(Numeric(Cool))
method asech()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse hyperbolic secant.

routine cosech #

sub cosech(Numeric(Cool))
method cosech()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Hyperbolic cosecant.

routine acosech #

sub acosech(Numeric(Cool))
method acosech()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse hyperbolic cosecant.

routine cotanh #

sub cotanh(Numeric(Cool))
method cotanh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Hyperbolic cotangent.

routine acotanh #

sub acotanh(Numeric(Cool))
method acotanh()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns its Inverse hyperbolic cotangent.

routine cis #

sub cis(Numeric(Cool))
method cis()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and returns cos(argument) + i*sin(argument).

routine log #

multi        log(Numeric(Cool) $number, Numeric(Cool) $base?)
multi method log(Cool:D: Cool:D $base?)

Coerces the arguments (including the invocant in the method form) to Numeric, and returns its Logarithm to base $base, or to base e (Euler's Number) if no base was supplied (Natural logarithm). Throws an exception if $base is 1. Returns NaN for negative arguments. As of 6.e language version (early

routine log10 #

multi method log10()
multi        log10(Numeric $x)
multi        log10(Cool    $x)

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the argument) to Numeric (or uses it directly if it's already in that form), and returns its Logarithm in base 10, that is, a number that approximately produces the original number when 10 is raised to its power. Returns -Inf for 0. Returns NaN for negative arguments. As of 6.e language version (early

routine log2 #

multi method log2()
multi        log2(Numeric $x)
multi        log2(Cool    $x)

Coerces the invocant to Numeric, and returns its Logarithm in base 2, that is, a number that approximately (due to computer precision limitations) produces the original number when 2 is raised to its power. Returns -Inf for 0. Returns NaN for negative arguments. As of 6.e language version (early implementation exists in Rakudo compiler 2023.02+), will return a

routine exp #

multi        exp(Cool:D $pow, Cool:D $base?)
multi method exp(Cool:D: Cool:D $base?)

Coerces the arguments (including the invocant in the method from) to Numeric, and returns $base raised to the power of the first number. If no $base is supplied, e (Euler's Number) is used.

method unpolar #

method unpolar(Numeric(Cool))

Coerces the arguments (including the invocant in the method form) to Numeric, and returns a complex number from the given polar coordinates. The invocant (or the first argument in sub form) is the magnitude while the argument (i.e. the second argument in sub form) is the angle. The angle is assumed to be in radians.

routine round #

multi        round(Numeric(Cool), $scale = 1)
multi method round(Cool:D: $scale = 1)

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and rounds it to the unit of $scale. If $scale is 1, rounds to the nearest integer; an arbitrary scale will result in the closest multiple of that number. Always rounds up if the number is at mid-point: Pay attention to types when using this method, as ending up with the wrong type may affect the precision you seek to achieve. For Real types, the type of the result

routine floor #

multi        floor(Numeric(Cool))
multi method floor

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and rounds it downwards to the nearest integer.

method fmt #

method fmt($format = '%s')

Uses $format to return a formatted representation of the invocant; equivalent to calling sprintf with $format as format and the invocant as the second argument. The $format will be coerced to Stringy and defaults to '%s'. For more information about formats strings, see sprintf.

routine ceiling #

multi        ceiling(Numeric(Cool))
multi method ceiling

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and rounds it upwards to the nearest integer.

routine truncate #

multi        truncate(Numeric(Cool))
multi method truncate()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Numeric, and rounds it towards zero.

routine ord #

sub ord(Str(Cool))
method ord()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the Unicode code point number of the first code point. The inverse operation is chr. Mnemonic: returns an ordinal number

method path #

method path(Cool:D: --> IO::Path:D)

Returns IO::Path:D.

DEPRECATED. It's been deprecated as of the 6.d version. Will be removed in the next ones. Stringifies the invocant and converts it to IO::Path object. Use the .IO method instead.

routine chr #

sub chr(Int(Cool))
method chr()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Int, interprets it as a Unicode code points, and returns a Str made of that code point. The inverse operation is ord. Mnemonic: turns an integer into a character.

routine chars #

multi  chars(Cool $x)
multi  chars(Str:D $x)
multi  chars(str $x --> int)
method chars(--> Int:D)

Returns int or Int:D.

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the number of characters in the string. Please note that on the JVM, you currently get codepoints instead of graphemes. If the string is native, the number of chars will be also returned as a native int. Graphemes are user visible characters. That is, this is what the user thinks of as a “character”.

routine codes #

sub codes(Str(Cool))
method codes()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the number of Unicode code points. The same result will be obtained with ords first obtains the actual codepoints, so there might be a difference in speed.

routine flip #

sub flip(Cool $s --> Str:D)
method flip()

Returns Str:D.

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns a reversed version.

routine trim #

sub trim(Str(Cool))
method trim()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the string with both leading and trailing whitespace stripped.

routine trim-leading #

sub trim-leading(Str(Cool))
method trim-leading()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the string with leading whitespace stripped.

routine trim-trailing #

sub trim-trailing(Str(Cool))
method trim-trailing()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the string with trailing whitespace stripped.

routine lc #

sub lc(Str(Cool))
method lc()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it case-folded to lowercase.

routine uc #

sub uc(Str(Cool))
method uc()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it case-folded to uppercase (capital letters).

routine fc #

sub fc(Str(Cool))
method fc()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns the result a Unicode "case fold" operation suitable for doing caseless string comparisons. (In general, the returned string is unlikely to be useful for any purpose other than comparison.)

routine tc #

sub tc(Str(Cool))
method tc()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it with the first letter case-folded to titlecase (or where not available, uppercase).

routine tclc #

sub tclc(Str(Cool))
method tclc()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it with the first letter case-folded to titlecase (or where not available, uppercase), and the rest of the string case-folded to lowercase.

routine wordcase #

sub wordcase(Str(Cool) $input, :&filter = &tclc, Mu :$where = True)
method wordcase(:&filter = &tclc, Mu :$where = True)

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the first argument) to Str, and filters each word that smartmatches against $where through the &filter. With the default filter (first character to uppercase, rest to lowercase) and matcher (which accepts everything), this titlecases each word: With a matcher: With a customer filter too:

routine samecase #

sub samecase(Cool $string, Cool $pattern)
method samecase(Cool:D: Cool $pattern)

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, the first argument) to Str, and calls Str.samecase on it.

routine uniprop #

multi        uniprop(Str:D, |c)
multi        uniprop(Int:D $code)
multi        uniprop(Int:D $code, Stringy:D $propname)
multi method uniprop(|c)

Returns the unicode property of the first character. If no property is specified returns the General Category. Returns a Bool for Boolean properties. A uniprops routine can be used to get the property for every character in a string.

sub uniprops #

sub uniprops(Str:D $str, Stringy:D $propname = "General_Category")

Interprets the invocant as a Str, and returns the unicode property for each character as a Seq. If no property is specified returns the General Category. Returns a Bool for Boolean properties. Similar to uniprop, but for each character in the passed

routine uniname #

sub uniname(Str(Cool) --> Str)
method uniname(--> Str)

Returns Str.

Interprets the invocant or first argument as a Str, and returns the Unicode codepoint name of the first codepoint of the first character. See uninames for a routine that works with multiple codepoints, and uniparse for the opposite direction. Available as of the 2021.04 Rakudo compiler release.

routine uninames #

sub uninames(Str:D)
method uninames()

Returns of a Seq of Unicode names for the all the codepoints in the Str provided. Note this example, which gets a Seq where each element is a Seq of all the codepoints in that character. See uniname for the name of the first codepoint of the first character in the provided Str and uniparse for the

routine unimatch #

multi unimatch(Str:D $str, |c)
multi unimatch(Int:D $code, Stringy:D $pvalname, Stringy:D $propname = $pvalname)

Checks if the given integer codepoint or the first letter of the given string has a unicode property equal to the value you give. If you supply the Unicode property to be checked it will only return True if that property matches the given value. The last property corresponds to "lowercase letter", which explains why it returns false.

routine chop #

sub chop(Str(Cool))
method chop()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it with the last character removed.

routine chomp #

sub chomp(Str(Cool))
method chomp()

Coerces the invocant (or in sub form, its argument) to Str, and returns it with the last character removed, if it is a logical newline.

routine substr #

sub substr(Str(Cool) $str, |c)
method substr(|c)

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the first argument) to Str, and calls Str.substr with the arguments.

routine substr-rw #

multi method substr-rw(|) is rw
multi        substr-rw(|) is rw

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the first argument) to Str, and calls Str.substr-rw with the arguments.

routine ords #

sub ords(Str(Cool) $str)
method ords()

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the first argument) to Str, and returns a list of Unicode codepoints for each character. This is the list-returning version of ord. The inverse operation in chrs. If you are only interested in the number of codepoints, codes is a possibly faster option.

routine chrs #

sub chrs(*@codepoints --> Str:D)
method chrs()

Returns Str:D.

Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the argument list) to a list of integers, and returns the string created by interpreting each integer as a Unicode codepoint, and joining the characters. This is the list-input version of chr. The inverse operation is ords.

routine split #

multi        split(  Str:D $delimiter, Str(Cool) $input, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)
multi        split(Regex:D $delimiter, Str(Cool) $input, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)
multi        split(@delimiters, Str(Cool) $input, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)
multi method split(  Str:D $delimiter, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)
multi method split(Regex:D $delimiter, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)
multi method split(@delimiters, $limit = Inf, :$k, :$v, :$kv, :$p, :$skip-empty)

N<*the comb routine is a much better choice for many tasks that in other languages are handled by the split.*> Coerces the invocant (or in the sub form, the second argument) to Str, splits it into pieces based on delimiters found in the string and returns the result as a Seq. If $delimiter is a string, it is searched for literally and not treated

routine lines #

sub lines(Str(Cool))
method lines()

Coerces the invocant (and in sub form, the argument) to Str, decomposes it into lines (with the newline characters stripped), and returns the list of lines. This method can be used as part of an IO::Path to process a file line-by-line, since IO::Path objects inherit from Cool, e.g.: Without any arguments, sub lines operates on $*ARGFILES.

method words #

method words(Cool:D: |c)

Coerces the invocant (or first argument, if it is called as a subroutine) to Str, and returns a list of words that make up the string. Check Str.words for additional arguments and its meaning. Cool is the base class for many other classes, and some of them, like Match, can be converted to a string. This is what happens in this case:

routine comb #

multi        comb(Regex $matcher, Cool $input, $limit = *)
multi        comb(Str $matcher, Cool $input, $limit = *)
multi        comb(Int:D $size, Cool $input, $limit = *)
multi method comb(|c)

Returns a Seq of all (or if supplied, at most $limit) matches of the invocant (method form) or the second argument (sub form) against the Regex, string or defined number. The second statement exemplifies the first form of comb, with a Regex that excludes multiples of ten, and a Range (which is Cool) as $input. comb stringifies the Range before applying .comb on the resulting

method contains #

method contains(Cool:D: |c)

Coerces the invocant to a Str, and calls Str.contains on it. Please refer to that version of the method for arguments and general syntax. Since Int is a subclass of Cool, 123 is coerced to a Str and then contains is called on it. Seqs are also subclasses of Cool, and they are stringified to a

routine index #

multi        index(Cool:D $s, Cool:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D)
multi        index(Cool:D $s, Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos, :i(:$ignorecase), :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, :m(:$ignoremark)! --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, :i(:$ignorecase)!, :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos, :m(:$ignoremark)!  --> Int:D)
multi method index(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos, :i(:$ignorecase)!, :m(:$ignoremark) --> Int:D)

Returns Int:D.

Coerces the first two arguments (in method form, also counting the invocant) to a Str, and searches for $needle in the string $s starting from $pos. It returns the offset into the string where $needle was found, and Nil if it was not found. See the documentation in type Str for examples.

routine rindex #

multi        rindex(Cool:D $s, Cool:D $needle --> Int:D)
multi        rindex(Cool:D $s, Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos --> Int:D)
multi method rindex(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle --> Int:D)
multi method rindex(Cool:D: Cool:D $needle, Cool:D $pos --> Int:D)

Returns Int:D.

Coerces the first two arguments (including the invocant in method form) to Str and $pos to Int, and returns the last position of $needle in the string not after $pos. Returns Nil if $needle wasn't found. See the documentation in type Str for examples.

method match #

method match(Cool:D: $target, *%adverbs)

Coerces the invocant to Stringy and calls the method match on it.

routine roots #

multi        roots(Numeric(Cool) $x, Int(Cool) $n)
multi method roots(Int(Cool) $n)

Coerces the first argument (and in method form, the invocant) to Numeric and the second ($n) to Int, and produces a list of $n Complex $n-roots, which means numbers that, raised to the $nth power, approximately produce the original number. For example

method subst #

method subst(|)

Coerces the invocant to Stringy and calls Str.subst.

method trans #

method trans(|)

Coerces the invocant to Str and calls Str.trans

method IO #

method IO(--> IO::Path:D)

Returns IO::Path:D.

Coerces the invocant to IO::Path.

method sprintf #

method sprintf(*@args)

Returns a string according to a series of format directives that are common in many languages; the object will be the format string, while the supplied arguments will be what's going to be formatted according to it.

method printf #

method printf(*@args)

Uses the object, as long as it is a format string, to format and print the arguments

method Complex #

multi method Complex()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .Complex method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method FatRat #

multi method FatRat()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .FatRat method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method Int #

multi method Int()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .Int method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method Num #

multi method Num()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .Num method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method Rat #

multi method Rat()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .Rat method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method Real #

multi method Real()

Coerces the invocant to a Numeric and calls its .Real method. Fails if the coercion to a Numeric cannot be done.

method UInt #

multi method UInt()

Coerces the invocant to an Int. Fails if the coercion to an Int cannot be done or if the Int the invocant had been coerced to is negative.

method uniparse #

method uniparse(Cool:D: --> Str:D)

Returns Str:D.

Available as of the 2021.04 release of the Rakudo compiler. Coerces the invocant to a Str and then calls the uniparse on that. This mostly only makes sense for Match objects.

method Order #

method Order(Cool:D: --> Order:D)

Returns Order:D.

Available as of the 2022.02 release of the Rakudo compiler. Coerces the invocant to an Int, and then returns one of the Order enums: Less if negative, Same if 0, More if positive.

method Failure #

method Failure(Cool:D: --> Failure:D)

Returns Failure:D.

Available as of the 2022.06 release of the Rakudo compiler. Creates an X::AdHoc exception with the stringification of the invocant, and coerces that into a Failure object. Mainly intended to reduce the bytecode for error branches in code, to increase the chances of hot code getting inlined.

Examples, run three ways #

Every example below comes from the official documentation, together with the output that documentation asserts. Each was then executed by Rakudo and by Raku++ when this page was built. Where the three agree, one result is shown; where they do not, all three are — because which of them is wrong is exactly the information worth having.

5 all-differ · 30 doc-drift · 9 no-output · 62 ok · 1 rakudo-differs · 1 rakupp-differs

class Cool is Any { }

123.substr(1, 1);   # '2', same as 123.Str.substr(1, 1)

method          coercion type

abs             Numeric
conj            Numeric
sqrt            Numeric
sign            Real
rand            Numeric
sin             Numeric
asin            Numeric
cos             Numeric
acos            Numeric
tan             Numeric
tanh            Numeric
atan            Numeric
atan2           Numeric
atanh           Numeric
sec             Numeric
asec            Numeric
cosec           Numeric
acosec          Numeric
cotan           Numeric
cotanh          Numeric
acotan          Numeric
sinh            Numeric
asinh           Numeric
cosh            Numeric
acosh           Numeric
sech            Numeric
asech           Numeric
cosech          Numeric
acosech         Numeric
acotanh         Numeric
cis             Numeric
log             Numeric
exp             Numeric
roots           Numeric
log10           Numeric
log2            Numeric
unpolar         Numeric
round           Numeric
floor           Numeric
ceiling         Numeric
truncate        Numeric
chr             Int
ord             Str
chars           Str
fmt             Str
uniname         Str
uninames        Seq
unival          Str
univals         Str
uniprop         Str
unimatch        Str
uc              Str
lc              Str
fc              Str
tc              Str
tclc            Str
flip            Str
trans           Str
contains        Str
index           Str
rindex          Str
ords            Str
split           Str
match           Str
comb            Str
subst           Str
sprintf         Str
printf          Str
samecase        Str
trim            Str
trim-leading    Str
trim-trailing   Str
EVAL            Str
chomp           Str
chop            Str
codes           Str
Complex         Numeric
FatRat          Numeric
Int             Numeric
Num             Numeric
Rat             Numeric
Real            Numeric
UInt            Numeric

say (-2).abs;       # OUTPUT: «2␤»
say abs "6+8i";     # OUTPUT: «10␤»

2
10

say "1+2i".conj;        # OUTPUT: «1-2i␤»

1-2i

say 4.sqrt;             # OUTPUT: «2␤»
say sqrt(2);            # OUTPUT: «1.4142135623731␤»

2
1.4142135623731

2
1.4142135623730951

2
1.4142135623730951

say sqrt(-1);           # OUTPUT: «0+1i␤»

0+1i

NaN

NaN

say 6.sign;             # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say (-6).sign;          # OUTPUT: «-1␤»
say "0".sign;           # OUTPUT: «0␤»

1
-1
0

say 1e5.rand;           # OUTPUT: «33128.495184283␤»

33128.495184283

61601.2896722806

29564.77176679222

say sin(0);             # OUTPUT: «0␤»
say sin(pi/4);          # OUTPUT: «0.707106781186547␤»
say sin(pi/2);          # OUTPUT: «1␤»

0
0.707106781186547
1

0
0.7071067811865475
1

0
0.7071067811865475
1

say 0.1.asin;               # OUTPUT: «0.10016742116156␤»
say asin(0.1);              # OUTPUT: «0.10016742116156␤»

0.10016742116156
0.10016742116156

0.1001674211615598
0.1001674211615598

0.1001674211615598
0.1001674211615598

say 0.cos;                  # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say pi.cos;                 # OUTPUT: «-1␤»
say cos(pi/2);              # OUTPUT: «6.12323399573677e-17␤»

1
-1
6.12323399573677e-17

1
-1
6.123233995736766e-17

1
-1
6.123233995736766e-17

say 1.acos;                 # OUTPUT: «0␤»
say acos(-1);               # OUTPUT: «3.14159265358979␤»

0
3.14159265358979

0
3.141592653589793

0
3.141592653589793

say tan(3);                 # OUTPUT: «-0.142546543074278␤»
say 3.tan;                  # OUTPUT: «-0.142546543074278␤»

-0.142546543074278
-0.142546543074278

-0.1425465430742778
-0.1425465430742778

-0.1425465430742778
-0.1425465430742778

say atan(3);                # OUTPUT: «1.24904577239825␤»
say 3.atan;                 # OUTPUT: «1.24904577239825␤»

1.24904577239825
1.24904577239825

1.2490457723982544
1.2490457723982544

1.2490457723982544
1.2490457723982544

say atan2 3, 1;             # OUTPUT: «1.2490457723982544␤»
say atan2 3;                # OUTPUT: «1.2490457723982544␤»
say atan2 ⅔, ⅓;             # OUTPUT: «1.1071487177940904␤»

1.2490457723982544
1.2490457723982544
1.1071487177940904

say 3.atan2;                # OUTPUT: «1.24904577239825␤»
say ⅔.atan2(⅓);             # OUTPUT: «1.1071487177940904␤»

1.24904577239825
1.1071487177940904

1.2490457723982544
1.1071487177940904

1.2490457723982544
1.1071487177940904

say 45.sec;                 # OUTPUT: «1.90359440740442␤»
say sec(45);                # OUTPUT: «1.90359440740442␤»

1.90359440740442
1.90359440740442

1.9035944074044246
1.9035944074044246

1.9035944074044246
1.9035944074044246

say 1.asec;                 # OUTPUT: «0␤»
say sqrt(2).asec;           # OUTPUT: «0.785398163397448␤»

0
0.785398163397448

0
0.7853981633974484

0
0.7853981633974484

say 0.45.cosec;             # OUTPUT: «2.29903273150897␤»
say cosec(0.45);            # OUTPUT: «2.29903273150897␤»

2.29903273150897
2.29903273150897

2.2990327315089707
2.2990327315089707

2.2990327315089707
2.2990327315089707

say 45.acosec;              # OUTPUT: «0.0222240516182672␤»
say acosec(45)              # OUTPUT: «0.0222240516182672␤»

0.0222240516182672
0.0222240516182672

0.02222405161826715
0.02222405161826715

0.02222405161826715
0.02222405161826715

say 45.cotan;               # OUTPUT: «0.617369623783555␤»
say cotan(45);              # OUTPUT: «0.617369623783555␤»

0.617369623783555
0.617369623783555

0.6173696237835551
0.6173696237835551

0.6173696237835551
0.6173696237835551

say 45.acotan;              # OUTPUT: «0.0222185653267191␤»
say acotan(45)              # OUTPUT: «0.0222185653267191␤»

0.0222185653267191
0.0222185653267191

0.02221856532671906
0.02221856532671906

0.02221856532671906
0.02221856532671906

say 1.sinh;                 # OUTPUT: «1.1752011936438␤»
say sinh(1);                # OUTPUT: «1.1752011936438␤»

1.1752011936438
1.1752011936438

1.1752011936438014
1.1752011936438014

1.1752011936438014
1.1752011936438014

say 1.asinh;                # OUTPUT: «0.881373587019543␤»
say asinh(1);               # OUTPUT: «0.881373587019543␤»

0.881373587019543
0.881373587019543

0.8813735870195429
0.8813735870195429

0.881373587019543
0.881373587019543

say cosh(0.5);              # OUTPUT: «1.12762596520638␤»

1.12762596520638

1.1276259652063807

1.1276259652063807

say acosh(45);              # OUTPUT: «4.4996861906715␤»

4.4996861906715

4.499686190671499

4.499686190671499

say tanh(0.5);              # OUTPUT: «0.46211715726001␤»
say tanh(atanh(0.5));       # OUTPUT: «0.5␤»

0.46211715726001
0.5

0.46211715726000974
0.5

0.46211715726000974
0.5

say atanh(0.5);             # OUTPUT: «0.549306144334055␤»

0.549306144334055

0.5493061443340549

0.5493061443340549

say 0.sech;                 # OUTPUT: «1␤»

1

say 0.8.asech;              # OUTPUT: «0.693147180559945␤»

0.693147180559945

0.6931471805599453

0.6931471805599453

say cosech(pi/2);           # OUTPUT: «0.434537208094696␤»

0.434537208094696

0.4345372080946958

0.4345372080946958

say acosech(4.5);           # OUTPUT: «0.220432720979802␤»

0.220432720979802

0.22043272097980168

0.22043272097980168

say cotanh(pi);             # OUTPUT: «1.00374187319732␤»

1.00374187319732

1.0037418731973213

1.0037418731973213

say acotanh(2.5);           # OUTPUT: «0.423648930193602␤»

0.423648930193602

0.42364893019360184

0.42364893019360184

say cis(pi/4);              # OUTPUT: «0.707106781186548+0.707106781186547i␤»

0.707106781186548+0.707106781186547i

0.7071067811865476+0.7071067811865475i

0.7071067811865476+0.7071067811865475i

say (e*e).log;              # OUTPUT: «2␤»

2

say log10(1001);            # OUTPUT: «3.00043407747932␤»

3.00043407747932

3.0004340774793183

3.000434077479319

say log2(5);            # OUTPUT: «2.321928094887362␤»
say "4".log2;           # OUTPUT: «2␤»
say 4.log2;             # OUTPUT: «2␤»

2.321928094887362
2
2

say 0.exp;      # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 1.exp;      # OUTPUT: «2.71828182845905␤»
say 10.exp;     # OUTPUT: «22026.4657948067␤»

1
2.71828182845905
22026.4657948067

1
2.718281828459045
22026.465794806718

1
2.718281828459045
22026.465794806718

say sqrt(2).unpolar(pi/4);      # OUTPUT: «1+1i␤»

1+1i

1.0000000000000002+1i

1.0000000000000002+1i

say 1.7.round;          # OUTPUT: «2␤»
say 1.07.round(0.1);    # OUTPUT: «1.1␤»
say 21.round(10);       # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say round(1000, 23.01)  # OUTPUT: «989.43␤»

2
1.1
20
989.43

say (−.5 ).round;       # OUTPUT: «0␤»
say ( .5 ).round;       # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say (−.55).round(.1);   # OUTPUT: «-0.5␤»
say ( .55).round(.1);   # OUTPUT: «0.6␤»

0
1
-0.5
0.6

9930972392403501.round(1)      .raku.say; # OUTPUT: «9930972392403501␤»
9930972392403501.round(1e0)    .raku.say; # OUTPUT: «9.9309723924035e+15␤»
9930972392403501.round(1e0).Int.raku.say; # OUTPUT: «9930972392403500␤»

9930972392403501
9.9309723924035e+15
9930972392403500

say "1.99".floor;       # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say "-1.9".floor;       # OUTPUT: «-2␤»
say 0.floor;            # OUTPUT: «0␤»

1
-2
0

say 11.fmt('This Int equals %03d');         # OUTPUT: «This Int equals 011␤»
say '16'.fmt('Hexadecimal %x');             # OUTPUT: «Hexadecimal 10␤»

This Int equals 011
Hexadecimal 10

say "1".ceiling;        # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say "-0.9".ceiling;     # OUTPUT: «0␤»
say "42.1".ceiling;     # OUTPUT: «43␤»

1
0
43

say 1.2.truncate;       # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say truncate -1.2;      # OUTPUT: «-1␤»

1
-1

say 'a'.ord;            # OUTPUT: «97␤»

97

say '65'.chr;       # OUTPUT: «A␤»

A

say 'møp'.chars;    # OUTPUT: «3␤»
say 'ã̷̠̬̊'.chars;     # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say '👨‍👩‍👧‍👦🏿'.chars;    # OUTPUT: «1␤»

3
1
1

say ‘ã̷̠̬̊’.uniprops(‘Grapheme_Cluster_Break’); # OUTPUT: «(Other Extend Extend Extend Extend)␤»
say ‘👨‍👩‍👧‍👦🏿’.uniprops(‘Grapheme_Cluster_Break’); # OUTPUT: «(E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ E_Modifier)␤»

(Other Extend Extend Extend Extend)
(E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ ZWJ E_Base_GAZ E_Modifier)

(Other Extend Extend Extend Extend)
(Other ZWJ Other ZWJ Other ZWJ Other Extend)

(Other Extend Extend Extend Extend)
(Other ZWJ Other ZWJ Other ZWJ Other Extend)

say 'møp'.codes;    # OUTPUT: «3␤»

3

say +'møp'.ords;    # OUTPUT: «3␤»

3

say 421.flip;       # OUTPUT: «124␤»

124

my $stripped = '  abc '.trim;
say "<$stripped>";          # OUTPUT: «<abc>␤»

<abc>

my $stripped = '  abc '.trim-leading;
say "<$stripped>";          # OUTPUT: «<abc >␤»

<abc >

my $stripped = '  abc '.trim-trailing;
say "<$stripped>";          # OUTPUT: «<  abc>␤»

<  abc>

say "ABC".lc;       # OUTPUT: «abc␤»

abc

say "Abc".uc;       # OUTPUT: «ABC␤»

ABC

say "groß".fc;       # OUTPUT: «gross␤»

gross

say "abC".tc;       # OUTPUT: «AbC␤»

AbC

say 'abC'.tclc;     # OUTPUT: «Abc␤»

Abc

say "raku programming".wordcase;        # OUTPUT: «Raku Programming␤»

Raku Programming

say "have fun working on raku".wordcase(:where({ .chars > 3 }));
                                        # Have fun Working on Raku

say "have fun working on raku".wordcase(:filter(&uc), :where({ .chars > 3 }));
                                        # HAVE fun WORKING on RAKU

say "raKu".samecase("A_a_"); # OUTPUT: «Raku␤»
say "rAKU".samecase("Ab");   # OUTPUT: «Raku␤»

Raku
Raku

say 'a'.uniprop;               # OUTPUT: «Ll␤»
say '1'.uniprop;               # OUTPUT: «Nd␤»
say 'a'.uniprop('Alphabetic'); # OUTPUT: «True␤»
say '1'.uniprop('Alphabetic'); # OUTPUT: «False␤»

Ll
Nd
True
False

# Camelia in Unicode
say ‘»ö«’.uniname;
# OUTPUT: «RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK␤»
say "Ḍ̇".uniname; # Note, doesn't show "COMBINING DOT ABOVE"
# OUTPUT: «LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW␤»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW

# Find the char with the longest Unicode name.
say (0..0x1FFFF).sort(*.uniname.chars)[*-1].chr.uniname;
# OUTPUT: «BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE␤»

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE

say ‘»ö«’.uninames.raku;
# OUTPUT: «("RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK", "LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS", "LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK").Seq␤»

("RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK", "LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS", "LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK").Seq

say "Ḍ̇'oh".comb>>.uninames.raku;
# OUTPUT: «(("LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW", "COMBINING DOT ABOVE").Seq, ("APOSTROPHE",).Seq, ("LATIN SMALL LETTER O",).Seq, ("LATIN SMALL LETTER H",).Seq)␤»

(("LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW", "COMBINING DOT ABOVE").Seq, ("APOSTROPHE",).Seq, ("LATIN SMALL LETTER O",).Seq, ("LATIN SMALL LETTER H",).Seq)

say unimatch 'A', 'Latin';           # OUTPUT: «True␤»
say unimatch 'A', 'Latin', 'Script'; # OUTPUT: «True␤»
say unimatch 'A', 'Ll';              # OUTPUT: «False␤»

True
True
False

say 'raku'.chop;                        # OUTPUT: «rak␤»

rak

say 'ab'.chomp.chars;                   # OUTPUT: «2␤»
say "a\n".chomp.chars;                  # OUTPUT: «1␤»

2
1

say "Camelia".ords;              # OUTPUT: «67 97 109 101 108 105 97␤»
say ords 10;                     # OUTPUT: «49 48␤»

67 97 109 101 108 105 97
49 48

(67 97 109 101 108 105 97)
(49 48)

[67 97 109 101 108 105 97]
[49 48]

say <67 97 109 101 108 105 97>.chrs;   # OUTPUT: «Camelia␤»

Camelia

say split(';', "a;b;c").raku;               # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c").Seq␤»
say split(';', "a;b;c", 2).raku;            # OUTPUT: «("a", "b;c").Seq␤»

("a", "b", "c").Seq
("a", "b;c").Seq

say split(';', "a;b;c,d").raku;             # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c,d").Seq␤»
say split(/\;/, "a;b;c,d").raku;            # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c,d").Seq␤»
say split(/<[;,]>/, "a;b;c,d").raku;        # OUTPUT: «("a", "b", "c", "d").Seq␤»

("a", "b", "c,d").Seq
("a", "b", "c,d").Seq
("a", "b", "c", "d").Seq

say split(['a', /b+/, 4], '1a2bb345').raku; # OUTPUT: «("1", "2", "3", "5").Seq␤»

("1", "2", "3", "5").Seq

say 'abc'.split(/b/, :v);               # OUTPUT: «(a ｢b｣ c)␤»
say 'abc'.split('b', :v);               # OUTPUT: «(a b c)␤»

(a ｢b｣ c)
(a b c)

say 'abc'.split(/b/, :k);               # OUTPUT: «(a 0 c)␤»

(a 0 c)

say 'abc'.split(/b/, :kv);               # OUTPUT: «(a 0 ｢b｣ c)␤»

(a 0 ｢b｣ c)

say 'abc'.split(/b/, :p);               # OUTPUT: «(a 0 => ｢b｣ c)␤»
say 'abc'.split('b', :p);               # OUTPUT: «(a 0 => b c)␤»

(a 0 => ｢b｣ c)
(a 0 => b c)

say ("f,,b,c,d".split: /","/             ).raku;  # OUTPUT: «("f", "", "b", "c", "d").Seq␤»
say ("f,,b,c,d".split: /","/, :skip-empty).raku;  # OUTPUT: «("f", "b", "c", "d").Seq␤»

("f", "", "b", "c", "d").Seq
("f", "b", "c", "d").Seq

say lines("a\nb\n").join('|');          # OUTPUT: «a|b␤»
say "some\nmore\nlines".lines.elems;    # OUTPUT: «3␤»

a|b
3

for 'huge-csv'.IO.lines -> $line {
# Do something with $line
}

# or if you'll be processing later
my @lines = 'huge-csv'.IO.lines;

for $*IN.lines -> $_ is copy { s/(\w+)/{$0 ~ $0}/; .say }

say <The quick brown fox>.words.join('|');     # OUTPUT: «The|quick|brown|fox␤»
say <The quick brown fox>.words(2).join('|');  # OUTPUT: «The|quick␤»

The|quick|brown|fox
The|quick

say ( "easy come, easy goes" ~~ m:g/(ea\w+)/).words(Inf);
# OUTPUT: «(easy easy)␤»
say words( "easy come, easy goes" ~~ m:g/(ea\w+)/ , ∞);
# OUTPUT: «(easy easy)␤»

(easy easy)
(easy easy)

say <Flying on a Boeing 747>.words.join('|');  # OUTPUT: «Flying|on|a|Boeing|747␤»

Flying|on|a|Boeing|747

Flying|on|a|Boeing|747

Flying|on|a|Boeing 747

say <Flying on a Boeing 747>.join('|');        # OUTPUT: «Flying|on|a|Boeing 747␤»

Flying|on|a|Boeing 747

say "6 or 12".comb(/\d+/).join(", ");           # OUTPUT: «6, 12␤»
say comb(/\d <[1..9]> /,(11..30)).join("--");
# OUTPUT:
# «11--12--13--14--15--16--17--18--19--21--22--23--24--25--26--27--28--29␤»

6, 12

6, 12
11--12--13--14--15--16--17--18--19--21--22--23--24--25--26--27--28--29

6, 12
11--12--13--14--15--16--17--18--19--21--22--23--24--25--26--27--28--29

say comb(3,[3,33,333,3333]).join("*");  # OUTPUT: «3 3*3 3*33 *333*3␤»

3 3*3 3*33 *333*3

say 123.contains("2")# OUTPUT: «True␤»

True

say (1,1, * + * … * > 250).contains(233)# OUTPUT: «True␤»

True

my $original = 16;
my @roots = $original.roots(4);
say @roots;

for @roots -> $r {
say abs($r ** 4 - $original);
}

# OUTPUT:«2+0i 1.22464679914735e-16+2i -2+2.44929359829471e-16i -3.67394039744206e-16-2i␤»
# OUTPUT:«1.77635683940025e-15␤»
# OUTPUT:«4.30267170434156e-15␤»
# OUTPUT:«8.03651692704705e-15␤»
# OUTPUT:«1.04441561648202e-14␤»

2+0i 1.22464679914735e-16+2i -2+2.44929359829471e-16i -3.67394039744206e-16-2i
1.77635683940025e-15
4.30267170434156e-15
8.03651692704705e-15
1.04441561648202e-14

[2+0i 1.2246467991473532e-16+2i -2+2.4492935982947064e-16i -3.6739403974420594e-16-2i]
0
3.91886975727153e-15
7.83773951454306e-15
1.175660927181459e-14

[2+0i 1.2246467991473532e-16+2i -2+2.4492935982947064e-16i -3.6739403974420594e-16-2i]
1.7763568394002505e-15
4.302671704341555e-15
8.036516927047046e-15
1.044415616482017e-14

.say for '.'.IO.dir;        # gives a directory listing

"% 6s".sprintf('Þor').say; # OUTPUT: «   Þor␤»

   Þor

"%.8f".printf(now - now ); # OUTPUT: «-0.00004118»

-0.00004118

-0.00012213

0.00000000

say 1+1i.Complex;         # OUTPUT: «1+1i␤»
say π.Complex;            # OUTPUT: «3.141592653589793+0i␤»
say <1.3>.Complex;        # OUTPUT: «1.3+0i␤»
say (-4/3).Complex;       # OUTPUT: «-1.3333333333333333+0i␤»
say "foo".Complex.^name;  # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1+1i
3.141592653589793+0i
1.3+0i
-1.3333333333333333+0i
Failure

say 1+0i.FatRat;          # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 2e1.FatRat;           # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say 1.3.FatRat;           # OUTPUT: «1.3␤»
say (-4/3).FatRat;        # OUTPUT: «-1.333333␤»
say "foo".FatRat.^name;   # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1
20
1.3
-1.333333
Failure

say 1+0i.Int;             # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say <2e1>.Int;            # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say 1.3.Int;              # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say (-4/3).Int;           # OUTPUT: «-1␤»
say "foo".Int.^name;      # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1
20
1
-1
Failure

say 1+0i.Num;             # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 2e1.Num;              # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say (16/9)².Num;          # OUTPUT: «3.1604938271604937␤»
say (-4/3).Num;           # OUTPUT: «-1.3333333333333333␤»
say "foo".Num.^name;      # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1
20
3.1604938271604937
-1.3333333333333333
Failure

say 1+0i.Rat;                             # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 2e1.Rat;                              # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say (-4/3).Rat;                           # OUTPUT: «-1.333333␤»
say "foo".Rat.^name;                      # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»
say (.numerator, .denominator) for π.Rat; # OUTPUT: «(355 113)␤»

1
20
-1.333333
Failure
(355 113)

say 1+0i.Real;            # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 2e1.Real;             # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say 1.3.Real;             # OUTPUT: «1.3␤»
say (-4/3).Real;          # OUTPUT: «-1.333333␤»
say "foo".Real.^name;     # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1
20
1.3
-1.333333
Failure

say 1+0i.UInt;            # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say 2e1.UInt;             # OUTPUT: «20␤»
say 1.3.UInt;             # OUTPUT: «1␤»
say (-4/3).UInt.^name;    # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»
say "foo".UInt.^name;     # OUTPUT: «Failure␤»

1
20
1
Failure
Failure