Built-in routines

Math functions

Full

Roots, absolute value, sign, the constants, and exp/log.

The common mathematical functions are built in as both subs and methods. They return Num (floating point) where an exact result isn't rational.

Roots and absolute value #

say sqrt(2);
say abs(-5);
say (2 ** 0.5);

Output

1.4142135623730951
5
1.4142135623730951

sqrt(2) and 2 ** 0.5 agree — both are the Num square root.

.sign returns -1, 0, or 1.

say (-3).sign;
say 3.sign;
say 0.sign;

Output

-1
1
0

pi, e, and tau (= 2π) are built-in terms.

say pi;
say e;
say tau;

Output

3.141592653589793
2.718281828459045
6.283185307179586

exp is eⁿ; log is the natural logarithm, with an optional second argument for the base.

say exp(0);
say log(1);
say log(100, 10);

Output

1
0
2

These return Num, so results are IEEE 754 doubles — sqrt(2) shows all 17 significant digits, unlike a Rat.
Trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan and their inverses) work in radians; pi and tau are there to convert.
For integer-flavoured operations see Arithmetic operators (div, mod, gcd, lcm).